Rebrickable Help Guide: Virtual Building - A General Introduction

Virtual Building

Introduction Where to Start? Overview	LDraw MLCad LDCad	LEGO Digital Designer Bricklink Studio	Online Building Rendering Instructions

Introduction

Did you ever wish you had more LEGO Bricks? Or wish you had a certain LEGO brick in another color? Did you ever wish you could instantly find a particular LEGO brick? If so, you should really try virtual building.

Virtual building means building a LEGO model on a computer, using virtual LEGO bricks. Surely, it is much more fun to build with real bricks, but virtual building has several advantages. Besides the obvious; more bricks, more colors, and easy searching; a virtual model can be used to generate building instructions, and it can be rendered, in other words, the model can be used to create photo-realistic images. All of that can be done on almost any computer, and almost any operating system.

Many Rebrickable MOCs have instructions in the form of a PDF file, that contains a series of photographs showing different stages of building. However, many other MOCs have their instructions in other formats:

3D File - MLCad MPD/LDR
3D File - LEGO Digital Designer LXF (can be opened in Studio)
3D File - Studio .io

These files contain virtual models, and you need special software to view and build these models. This help page will explain the background behind virtual building and what software you need to use. It serves as a general inroduction to a three part series: Guide to LEGO Digital Designer, Guide to Studio and Guide to Rendering.

Where to Start?

If you just want to build a Rebrickable MOC, and the instructions are in one of the formats mentioned above, you need to install the particular program. Browse down to either MLCad, LEGO Digital Designer or Bricklink Studio and download and install the program. Please note LEGO Digital Designer is no longer supportes, and has been replaced with Studio which can be used to open files previously made with that software.

If you want to start building virtually, I would suggest Studio, which is free to download, intuitive to use, and managed by Bricklink which is now owned by LEGO. There is also a huge amount of good documentation and tutorials available.

Overview

Lets first look at some history and define some terms. Virtual building is a form of 3D CAD (Computer-Aided Design). In 1995, James Jessiman created LDraw, a program originally intended to create images of LEGO bricks. In order to describe the bricks, Jessiman defined a file-format, a set of rules to describe a LEGO brick within a single text file, and an editor called LEdit. Jessiman died in 1997 at age 26, but the LDraw file-format survived, and is under continuous maintenance and extension by the LDraw community. In the following years many programs were developed that use the LDraw file-format, such as LeoCAD, a Windows LDraw-based editor (1996), L2P/L3P, an LDraw to POV-Ray converter (1997/1998), and MLCad, a Windows LDraw based editor (1999). More on LDraw and MLCad.

In 2004, the LEGO Group released its own 3D LEGO CAD software, called LEGO Digital Designer (LDD for short). LDD uses its own brick definitions, which are different from LDraw definitions, and only a subset of the bricks made by LEGO are available for use. Besides building, the program also has a mode for viewing in which screenshots can be taken and the model can be "exploded", and a third mode that automatically generates building instructions in an HTML file, which can be viewed by any browser. On January 21, 2016, LEGO announced that LDD would not receive any more additional updates. However, in March 2016, a new updated version, 4.3.9, was uploaded. The latest version, 4.3.11, was previously available at LEGO.com. More on LEGO Digital Designer.

On November 13th, 2016, BrickLink launched a CAD-like digital LEGO building program called Studio to compete with LEGO Digital Designer and LDraw. The program was demoed for builders at BrickCon 2016. Studio uses LDraw part definitions and includes a special version of POV-Ray to create photo-realistic images. The program is integrated to BrickLink’s catalog and marketplace, so once a model is complete, it can be added to a Wanted List, and the parts can be ordered. Completed models can be uploaded to the Build Gallery and shared with others. The latest version is available at Bricklink. This formally replaced LEGO digital designer in 2022.

Many attempts have been made to create online applications for LEGO building. In 2014, Google and LEGO teamed up to create a free building block simulator app playable for free from the Chrome web browser. This Build-with-Chrome project was cancelled on January 31, 2017. Another online building application, called Mecabricks, was created in 2011 by Nicolas Jarraud (Scrubs), and has become more popular in recent years. More on Online Building.

Rendering or image synthesis is the automatic process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model (or models in what collectively could be called a scene file) by means of computer programs. Also, the results of displaying such a model can be called a render. Rendering LEGO models can be done with the following programs:

Bluerender
BusUFL
POV-Ray
LDD2POVRay
Blender
Studio

Rendering uses a lot of computer power, and even on a fast computer it can quite a long time to create a nice image. Depending on the program, the complexity of the model, and the size of the rendered image the amount of time needed can range from less then a second to create an LDD screenshot to more then 24 hours to create an HD image in Blender or POV-Ray. More on Rendering.

Creating building instructions similar to those that LEGO uses themselves is very complicated and very time consuming. More on Instructions.

LDraw

LDraw is not a single program, but a parts library based upon the LDraw file-format, and a collection of programs that can use that part-library in some way. As the part library consists of thousands of small text files, each describing a certain LEGO brick, it is independant of an operating system, and so LDraw can be used on Windows, MacOS, Linux, and even in good old DOS. However, as most of the supplemental programs were originally written for Windows, some of them are not available on MacOS or Linux.

The LDraw website has a good Get Started section, with seperate installation instructions for Windows, MacOS and Linux.

For Windows, there is an LDraw All-In-One-Installer, in short AIOI, if you want a quick and easy way to install the LDraw parts library and many of the popular tools as well. The AIOI supports Windows XP SP3 (Home and Pro), Windows Vista (all versions) and Windows 7 (all versions). On most modern computers (64-bit) it will install in the "Program files (x86)" folder. The AIOI will NOT run on Windows 95, 98, ME, NT Ver 4, 2000, or XP below SP2. The latest version of the AIOI, LDraw_AIOI_2018-01_setup_32bit_v1.exe, was released on February 19, 2018, and is 288,9 MB in size. It contains the following components.

LDraw Parts Library 2018-01
LDview 4.3
MLCad 3.5
LeoCAD 18.01-10289
LDCad 1.6a
LPub3D 2.0.20.0.645
LICreator 3.2.153
LSynth 3.1
LDGlite 1.3
POV-Ray 3.7
LGEO Parts Library
MPDCenter 2.3.6.0
LDFind 1.3.5.3
LSulpt 0.5.0
Offline Parts Catalog 2018-01

There are tutorials for MLCad, LeoCAD and LDCad available online:

LDraw files specifying basic single parts usually have the extension .dat, LEGO models consisting of multiple bricks have the extension .ldr, while models consisting of multiple parts and sub-models are called .mpd.

MLCad

MLCad (Mike's Lego CAD) is one of the tools included in the LDraw All-In-One-Installer mentioned above. The program was created in 1999 by Michael Lachman. The latest version, 3.50, is NOT available on the MLCad main website, but it can be downloaded at Softpedia. The software will run on any modern computer, and supports Windows 95/98/ME, NT 4.0, Windows 2000 or Windows XP and Linux (under Wine). A basic tutorial is available in nine different languages.

Note that to function properly MLCad needs access to the LDraw parts library, which can be downloaded seperately at the LDraw website Latest Parts page.

MLCad files containing multiple submodels (MPDs) have a .mpd extension, while files with a single model have an .ldr extension.

LDCad

LDCad was created by Roland Melkert in 2011, and it is included in the LDraw All-In-One-Installer mentioned above. The newest version, 1.6b is available at melkert.net. The installer contains both the 32 and 64 bit version, and will select the one best suited automatically. The program is also available for Linux. The major features of the latest LDCad version are:

Windows and Linux support
Multi-threaded (background) loading of parts.
Basic part snapping on growing collection of (official) parts.
Integrated portable flexible parts support (springs, hoses, bands).
Script based animation and macros.
Part grouping.
Instruction stepping support (including rotational ones).
POV-Ray exports.

A good User Manual is available here.

LEGO Digital Designer

LDD is no longer supported and has been replaced with Studio. Some older MOCs may still have LDD files as their instructions, which can be opened in Studio.

LDD files have an .lxf extension. More info about LDD can be found in our Guide to LDD.

Bricklink Studio

The latest version of Studio is available for download at the bottom of the Studio Homepage with seperate versions for MacOS and Windows.

Be sure to download and install the latest version, when you start with Studio. When started, the program will check for updates, and, if needed, install them after approval.

Studio comes with a complete HTML multi-page Help system, accessable through Menu > Help or by launching introduction.html in the Studio/Manual folder.

Studio files have an .io extension. More about Studio in our Guide to Studio.

Online Building - Mecabricks

The main currently available online LEGO building platform is Mecabricks created and maintained by Nicolas "Scrubs" Jarraud. In essence, the idea behind Mecabricks is awesome: building in a browser might not be as fast as building in a dedicated program, but it will work on any device with a modern browser. Mecabricks uses it own part library, which is different from Ldraw and LDD, and designed to create much more detailed renderings. The rendering itself used to be done by multiple computers in a rendering farm, however this is no longer offered, and instead you need to export files to Blender to make your own renders. Furthermore, as models are stored on the Mecabricks server, they are available anywhere.

However, currently, the created models cannot be exported back to LDraw/LDD formats or downloaded to a local harddrive. This raises serious questions about the intellectual property rights. A model you design and build on your own computer using either Ldraw, LDD or Studio is your own private property, and you retain all IP rights. Mecabricks doesn't show any Terms of Service defining Centent Ownership, and so you might be giving away the rights to your creation by using the service. You can export your model to 3D formats (STL, Wavefront OBJ and Collada DAE) and render yourself using Blender, but for high quality you need to buy an add-on script. Finaly, in comparison to the LDraw and LDD part libraries, the amount of available parts is, as yet, quite limited.

Also be aware that Mecabricks does not currently support the creation of step by step instructions. It is a requirement of submitting MOCs to Rebrickable that you can provide instructions. MOCs designed on Mecabricks can cause difficulties in meeting this requirement, especially as they can't be exported to other formats to allow instructions to be made on other software.

Rendering

Studio can create images of build models, it carries a crippled version of POV-Ray 3.7, which can create high quality renderings. More on this in our guide to Studio Rendering.

Bluerender is a Java application created by Nicola Lugato (msx80) that uses the open source SunFlow rendering system. The program requires Java8 (revision 8u40 or better) and LEGO Digital Designer. It is very easy to use and capable of creating reasonably good images rather fast. More information, and a download link, can be found at Eurobricks. A good five minute video tutorial by SpeedyLLD is available on You Tube.

BusUFL is another Java application using the same SubFlow engine, created by Milos Plank (bublible). It is available at his website. BusUFL has many more interesting features, including a Multirender mode that could generate a series of renders while rotating around the model, and combining these renders into an animated gif.

The Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer, or POV-Ray, is a ray tracing program that generates images from a text-based scene description. This is the program that mostly used for rendering LEGO models. The latest version, POV-Ray 3.7.0 (November, 6th 2013) requires Windows XP or later, and has been tested on versions up to and including Windows 8. The Windows Installer installs both the 32 and 64-bit binaries. The program needs at least 100mb or so of free disk space (for temporary file storage during renders) and at least 1GB of available memory. The previous version, 3.6 is also available for MacOS and Linux. Reference documentation and a very good tutorial are available at the POV-Ray documentation webpage.

LDD2POVRay is a program written by Martin Hronský in 2012 that allows you to convert LDD model file into POV-Ray file format and then enables rendering of photo-realistic images of the model. The latest version, 1.2.12 from March 28, 2018, is available for Windows at the LDD2POVRay website in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. It is a good program, with a many good features and options, and a good online Help page. However, the author believes that LDD's brick geometry data is the property of the LEGO Group and thus subject to copyright. In order to protect that data LDD2POVRay uses the Callback File System, a virtual file system SDK for Windows provided by the EldoS Corporation to enable POV-Ray to access that data without disclosing the brick geometry content.

It is, in my view, highly unlikely that the measurements of the LEGO bricks are protected by copyright, and thus the virtual file driver is unnecessarily crippling the program; but if LDD's brick geometry data is intellectual property, then using that data without prior consent is still a violation of LEGO's copyright, even when that data is not disclosed to the user.

Blender is a professional, free and open-source 3D computer graphics software toolset used for creating animated films, visual effects, art, 3D printed models, interactive 3D applications and video games. The Dutch animation studio NeoGeo developed Blender as an in-house application in January 1995, with the primary author being software developer Ton Roosendaal. The latest version, 2.79b from March 26, 2017 is available for Windows, MacOS and Linux in 32-bit and 64-bit versions at the Blender download page. Version 2.8 is available in beta. Blender is arguably the best non-proprietary non-commercial 3D render engine, but it is very complicated and takes a lot of effort (and time) to be mastered. For an average LEGO fan wanting to create an occasional render is this probably too much. More info in our guide to Blender rendering.

Instructions

Modern LEGO building instructions are undoubtedly the best, both in terms of usability and efficiency of use, but you must remember that it took LEGO almost 50 years to develop and fine-tune that system. Here's a selection of LEGO instructions from 1957 to 2010:

1957: set 212-1 Small Home - Left
1966: set 313-1 London Bus
1973: set 384-1 London Double Dekker Bus
1983: set 6623-1 Police Car
1993: set 6667-1 Road Repair Car
2003: set 7030-1 Squad Car
2010: set 8072-1 Sea Jet

If you look at the earlier examples, you will see that these instructions are very simple, and yet, most LEGO builders have no problem building these models, based on only a handfull of images. Clear step-by-step .pdf instructions are a requirement for all premium MOCs on Rebrickable, however for free MOCs it is acceptable to have only a 3D model file, and if making .pdf instructions they can be kept a bit simpler.

If you have any further questions on these topics, or you wish to comment on the contenct, please use our Forum.

Last modified Jan. 2, 2026 by icedragonj

Resource	Value
User CPU time	160.840 msec
System CPU time	3.296 msec
Total CPU time	164.136 msec
Elapsed time	180.970 msec
Context switches	215 voluntary, 3 involuntary

HELP - Virtual Building - A General Introduction